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Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II
Within nations occupied by the Axis Powers, some citizens, driven by nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-communism, anti-Semitism, or opportunism knowingly engaged in collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II. These collaborationists committed some of the worst war crimes, crimes against humanity and atrocities of the Holocaust.〔
Collaboration is "a co-operation between elements of the population of a defeated state and the representatives of the victorious power".〔John A. Armstrong. Collaborationism in World War II: The Integral Nationalist Variant in Eastern Europe. ''The Journal of Modern History'', Vol. 40, No. 3 (Sep., 1968), pp. 396-410〕 Stanley Hoffmann subdivided collaboration into involuntary (reluctant recognition of necessity) and voluntary (exploiting necessity).〔Stanley Hoffmann. Collaborationism in France during World War II. ''The Journal of Modern History'', Vol. 40, No. 3 (Sep., 1968), pp. 375-395〕 According to him, collaborationism can be subdivided into ''servile'' and ''ideological'' ; the former is a deliberate service to an enemy, whereas the latter is a deliberate advocacy of co-operation with the foreign force which is seen as a champion of some desirable domestic transformations.〔 In contrast, Bertram Gordon used the terms "collaborator" and "collaborationist" for non-ideological and ideological collaborations, respectively.〔Bertram N. Gordon, ''Collaborationism in France during the Second World War''. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y. 1980, ISBN 0801412633, 9780801412639, p. 18.〕
==Requirements for collaboration==
The Nazis did not consider everyone equally fit for cooperation. Even people from closely related nations were often valued differently in accordance with Nazi racial theories.
The Jews were considered to be worst of all races and thus unfit for cooperation, although some were used in concentration camps as Kapos to report on other prisoners and enforce order. Others governed ghettos and helped organize deportations to extermination camps (Jewish Ghetto Police).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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